Ecomaterials

Objective In order to verify the biological safety and the effect of inducing osteogenesis of two different proportions of collagen based biomimetic bone materials, the model of goat skull defect was designed. Methods First, we used trephine to make circular defect in goat skull, then the bionic bones with different proportions of collagen were implanted into the defect areas. Finally, the inflammatory response and osteogenesis in the bone defect areas were observed after implantation. Results Most of the A group materials with high collagen content were mostly degraded and partly induced into bone, while the B group with low collagen content was not degraded and had no effect on bone formation. After the two groups of materials were implanted into the goats, there were no inflammatory reactions, which meant that the collagen based biomimetic bone material had good biocompatibility. Conclusions The collagen based biomimetic bone material has good biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and a certain effect on bone formation

Objective: This study aimed at fabricating three-dimensional porous graphene (G)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) composite scaffolds and establishing the potential for further application of G/PLGA porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Methods: Different concentrations of graphene was mixed with PLGA (G/PLGA, wt. ‰: 0, 0.5‰, 5‰). Results: Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the inner connected porous structure of the three-dimensional G/PLGA scaffold as well as the uniform distribution of graphene in the scaf-folds. CCK-8 test indicated that G/PLGA porous scaffolds had no obvious cytotoxicity. Compared with BMSCs seeded on PLGA scaffold, the ALP activity of BMSCs seeded on the G/PLGA scaffolds increased and the expression of bone related genes was significantly up-regulated with increase of G concentration. G/PLGA porous scaffold containing 5‰ graphene showed more obvious effects on osteogenic differentiation. Conclusions: The G/PLGA three-dimensional porous scaffold prepared in this research possessed good biocom-patibility and could promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. Thus, it has been expected to be used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

With the development of implant dentistry and biomaterials, dental implants have become the first rehabilitative option proposed for the treatment of missing teeth. Most studies about dental implants and biomaterials currently focus on osteogenesis and the osseointegration of the implant, neglecting the importance of the immune response. In recent years, the development of osteoimmunology has been one of the greatest achievements in bone biomaterials; osteoimmunology has revealed the vital role of immune cells in regulating bone dynamics, implying the value of studies on materials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties. This article reviews the integration between bone tissue and implants and summarizes the effects of the immune response during osseointegration and new bone formation to show the importance of regulating the immune response in this process. The effect of macrophages on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis is then reviewed due to the high plasticity and multiple roles of macro

The traditional biological principle for developing bone biomaterials is to directly stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblastic lineage cells, the direct effector cells for osteogenesis. This strategy has been successful for the development of bone biomaterials. However, recent progress in bone biology has revealed the vital role of the local bone microenvironment, especially the immune environment, in controlling osteogenesis. Interdisciplinary osteoim-munology has found that the osteoimmune and skeletal systems are closely related, sharing numerous cytokines and regulators. In addition, immune cells play an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of the skeletal system, suggesting that neglecting the importance of the immune response is a major shortcoming of the traditional strategy. Based on this principle, we propose a novel “osteoimmunomodulation”-based strategy to meet the strict requirements of new-generation bone biomaterials: instead of directly

Objective: Using electrospinning to preparesilk fibroin/chitosan (SF/CS) nanofiber membrane scaffolds, and then evaluating its properties and effects on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) . Methods: The regenerated silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) were dissolved in the mixed solvent system of trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane by mass ratio (1 : 0, 1 : 1) . The structure and properties of the electrospun films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravity/differential thermal gravity analysis (TG/DTG). Cells in the experimental group were inoculated on the surface of SF and SF/CS membrane respectively. Cells in the control group were directly inoculated in culture dish. hBMSCs were used in each group to induce osteogenesis. CCK-8 was used to study the growth and proliferation of cells. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and alizarin red staining (ARS) were used to detect the ability of osteogenesis and mineralization. Results: Compared with SF scaffolds, SF/CS scaffolds had more uniform fiber diameter (SEM) and more stable conformation (FTIR) ; TG/DTG results showed that SF scaffolds had more thermal stability. CCK-8 showed that compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in proliferation of hBMSCs between SF and SF/CS groups when co-cultured for 5 and 7 days (P>0.05) . After 21 days of culture, elemental analysis indicated that the SF/CS group had higher calcium content. Compared with the control group and SF group, calcified nodules of hBMSCs in SF/CS group were significantly increased and staining was deep. Conclusions: Electrospinning SF/CS nanofibers scaffolds have good biocompatibility and can promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.