Photovoltaic sensibility of optical biosensor produced by flexible and stretchable rubber utilized physical paradigm of solar cell
Abstract
It is expected that the physical paradigm of solar cells will be possible to fabricate optical biosensors that mimic the human eye, including flexibility and stretchability. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the morphological fabrication of an optical biosensor made of rubber by utilizing the physical paradigm of solar cells involving electric and chemical processes. However, a critical problem of current solar cells is their use of pieces of solid transparent conductive glass as electrodes, as especially shown in organic thin-film type solar cells involving dye-synthesized and perovskite-type solar cells. Therefore, we must solve this problem in order to be able to develop flexible and stretchable solar cells for optical biosensors. The key point of the solution is to avoid using rigid conductive glass and to coat a flexible and stretchable material such as rubber with TiO2. In the present study, we proposed a novel fabrication technique for a flexible and stretchable rubber coated with TiO2 by electrolytic polymerization utilizing our developed magnetic responsive intelligent fluid, hybrid fluid (HF), in order to produce the optical biosensor. The photovoltaic results experimentally demonstrated the photovoltage response to illumination with around 3–60 mV enhancement. In addition, we elucidated the photovoltaic mechanism by using electrochemical measurement involving the cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), introducing the equivalent electric circuit's intrinsic structure. The results demonstrated that the rubber type behaves dominantly in the area outside the electrical double layer (EDL) under illumination, and then the response time of photovoltage to illumination is slow with non-linear CV profiles. On the other hand, the optical biosensor type behaves dominantly in the EDL under illumination, and then the response time is fast with linear CV profiles, which denotes that the optical biosensor type is optimal for photodiodes. Furthermore, these results can demonstrate the chemical-photovoltaic reaction of the HF rubber involving TiO2. The investigation might present the viability of the fabrication of ophthalmological systems that mimic the human eye.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Yang GZ, Bellingham J, Dupont PE, et al. The grand challenges of Science Robotics. Science Robotics. 2018, 3(14). doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.aar7650
2. Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, et al. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. Advanced Science. 2018, 5(10). doi: 10.1002/advs.201700931
3. Yu H, Li H, Sun X, et al. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics. 2023, 8(3): 293. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293
4. Heng W, Solomon S, Gao W. Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics. Advanced Materials. 2022, 34(16). doi: 10.1002/adma.202107902
5. Luan H, Zhang Y. Programmable Stimulation and Actuation in Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. Advanced Intelligent Systems. 2021, 3(6). doi: 10.1002/aisy.202000228
6. Chadha U, Bhardwaj P, Agarwal R, et al. Recent progress and growth in biosensors technology: A critical review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2022, 109: 21-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.010
7. Chortos A, Liu J, Bao Z. Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin. Nature Materials. 2016, 15(9): 937-950. doi: 10.1038/nmat4671
8. Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, et al. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin‐Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. Advanced Materials. 2019, 31(48). doi: 10.1002/adma.201904765
9. Zhang N, Wei X, Fan Y, et al. Recent advances in development of biosensors for taste-related analyses. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2020, 129: 115925.
10. Covington JA, Marco S, Persaud KC, et al. Artificial Olfaction in the 21st Century. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021, 21(11): 12969-12990. doi: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3076412
11. Guo H, Pu X, Chen J, et al. A highly sensitive, self-powered triboelectric auditory sensor for social robotics and hearing aids. Science Robotics. 2018, 3(20). doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.aat2516
12. Vikas V, Crane C. Bioinspired dynamic inclination measurement using inertial sensors. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2015, 10(3): 036003. doi: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/3/036003
13. Shimada K. Morphological Configuration of Sensory Biomedical Receptors Based on Structures Integrated by Electric Circuits and Utilizing Magnetic-Responsive Hybrid Fluid (HF). Sensors. 2022, 22(24): 9952. doi: 10.3390/s22249952
14. Shim J, Park H, Kang D, et al. Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices based on Two‐Dimensional Materials: From Fabrication to Application. Advanced Electronic Materials. 2017, 3(4). doi: 10.1002/aelm.201600364
15. Wang X, Cui Y, Li T, et al. Recent Advances in the Functional 2D Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices. Advanced Optical Materials. 2018, 7(3). doi: 10.1002/adom.201801274
16. Bao X, Ou Q, Xu Z, et al. Band Structure Engineering in 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Applications. Advanced Materials Technologies. 2018, 3(11). doi: 10.1002/admt.201800072
17. Kim, T. Y.; Suh, W.; Jeong, U. Approaches to deformable physical sensors: Electronic versus iontronic. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 2021, 146, 100640.
18. Chen Q, De Marco N, Yang Y, et al. Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications. Nano Today. 2015, 10(3): 355-396. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.04.009
19. Kovalenko MV, Protesescu L, Bodnarchuk MI. Properties and potential optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Science. 2017, 358(6364): 745-750. doi: 10.1126/science.aam7093
20. Long G, Sabatini R, Saidaminov MI, et al. Chiral-perovskite optoelectronics. Nature Reviews Materials. 2020, 5(6): 423-439. doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-0181-5
21. Kang P, Wang MC, Knapp PM, et al. Crumpled Graphene Photodetector with Enhanced, Strain‐Tunable, and Wavelength‐Selective Photoresponsivity. Advanced Materials. 2016, 28(23): 4639-4645. doi: 10.1002/adma.201600482
22. Ko S, Mondal R, Risko C, et al. Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties of Vinylene-Linked Donor−Acceptor Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaics. Macromolecules. 2010, 43(16): 6685-6698. doi: 10.1021/ma101088f
23. Ullbrich S, Benduhn J, Jia X, et al. Emissive and charge-generating donor–acceptor interfaces for organic optoelectronics with low voltage losses. Nature Materials. 2019, 18(5): 459-464. doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0324-5
24. Svechtarova MI, Buzzacchera I, Toebes BJ, et al. Sensor Devices Inspired by the Five Senses: A Review. Electroanalysis. 2016, 28(6): 1201-1241. doi: 10.1002/elan.201600047
25. Ji X, Zhao X, Tan MC, et al. Artificial Perception Built on Memristive System: Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Sensations. Advanced Intelligent Systems. 2020, 2(3). doi: 10.1002/aisy.201900118
26. Bao R, Wang C, Dong L, et al. Flexible and Controllable Piezo‐Phototronic Pressure Mapping Sensor Matrix by ZnO NW/p‐Polymer LED Array. Advanced Functional Materials. 2015, 25(19): 2884-2891. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201500801
27. Jung YH, Park B, Kim JU, et al. Bioinspired Electronics for Artificial Sensory Systems. Advanced Materials. 2018, 31(34). doi: 10.1002/adma.201803637
28. Khan F, Khan MT, Rehman S, et al. Analysis of electrical parameters of p-i-n perovskites solar cells during passivation via N-doped graphene quantum dots. Surfaces and Interfaces. 2022, 31: 102066. doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102066
29. Zhang L, Mei L, Wang K, et al. Advances in the Application of Perovskite Materials. Nano-Micro Letters. 2023, 15(1). doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01140-3
30. Maulida PYD, Subagyo R, Hartati S, et al. Recent progress and rational design of perovskite-based chemosensors: A review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023, 962: 170996. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170996
31. Vinoth S, Kanimozhi G, Narsimulu D, et al. Ionic relaxation of electrospun nanocomposite polymer-blend quasi-solid electrolyte for high photovoltaic performance of Dye-sensitized solar cells. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020, 250: 122945. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122945
32. Tapa AR, Xiang W, Zhao X. Metal Chalcogenides (MxEy, E = S, Se, and Te) as Counter Electrodes for Dye–Sensitized Solar Cells: An Overview and Guidelines. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research. 2021, 2(10). doi: 10.1002/aesr.202100056
33. Fegade U, Conghao C, Chen YJ, et al. Comparative analysis of the photovoltaic cell parameters of dye-sensitized solar cells with composite photoanodes: Effect of the alien component. Optical Materials. 2023, 143: 114109. doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2023.114109
34. He X, Duan F, Liu J, et al. Transparent Electrode Based on Silver Nanowires and Polyimide for Film Heater and Flexible Solar Cell. Materials. 2017, 10(12): 1362. doi: 10.3390/ma10121362
35. Peng M, Dong B, Zou D. Three dimensional photovoltaic fibers for wearable energy harvesting and conversion. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2018, 27(3): 611-621. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2018.01.008
36. Zhang H, Zhu X, Tai Y, et al. Recent advances in nanofiber-based flexible transparent electrodes. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing. 2023, 5(3): 032005. doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/acdc66
37. Bai H, Li S, Barreiros J, et al. Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors. Science. 2020, 370(6518): 848-852. doi: 10.1126/science.aba5504
38. Li W, Ke K, Jia J, et al. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. Small. 2021, 18(7). doi: 10.1002/smll.202103734
39. Prestopino G, Orsini A, Barettin D, et al. Vertically Aligned Nanowires and Quantum Dots: Promises and Results in Light Energy Harvesting. Materials. 2023, 16(12): 4297. doi: 10.3390/ma16124297
40. Shimada K, Ikeda R, Kikura H, et al. Morphological Fabrication of Rubber Cutaneous Receptors Embedded in a Stretchable Skin-Mimicking Human Tissue by the Utilization of Hybrid Fluid. Sensors. 2021, 21(20): 6834. doi: 10.3390/s21206834
41. Shimada K, Kikura H, Ikeda R, et al. Clarification of Catalytic Effect on Large Stretchable and Compressible Rubber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Energies. 2020, 13(24): 6658. doi: 10.3390/en13246658
42. Iwasawa, Y. Tailored Metal Catalysts; D. Reidel Publishing Company; 1986. pp. 167-172.
43. Durán A, Monteagudo JM, San Martín I. Operation costs of the solar photo-catalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water: A mini-review. Chemosphere. 2018, 211: 482-488. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.170
44. Ishizaki H, Yokokawa Y, Matsumoto T, et al. New low-deposition technology for formation of titanium dioxide films. J. Facul. Eng., Saitama Insti. Tech. 2016, 26: 29-34.
45. Sun H, Bai Y, Jin W, et al. Visible-light-driven TiO2 catalysts doped with low-concentration nitrogen species. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2008, 92(1): 76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2007.09.003
46. Ito S, Nazeeruddin MK, Zakeeruddin SM, et al. Study of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Scanning Electron Micrograph Observation and Thickness Optimization of PorousTiO2 Electrodes. International Journal of Photoenergy. 2009, 2009: 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2009/517609
47. Ilyas AM, Gondal MA, Baig U, et al. Photovoltaic performance and photocatalytic activity of facile synthesized graphene decorated TiO2 monohybrid using nanosecond pulsed ablation in liquid technique. Solar Energy. 2016, 137: 246-255. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.08.019
48. Lu WH, Chou CS, Chen CY, et al. Preparation of Zr-doped mesoporous TiO2 particles and their applications in the novel working electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell. Advanced Powder Technology. 2017, 28(9): 2186-2197. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.05.026
49. Shamsudin NH, Shafie S, Ab Kadir MZA, et al. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) performance of back-illuminated DSSCs with different Pt catalyst contents at the optimized TiO2 thickness. Optik. 2020, 203: 163567. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163567
50. El Haimeur A, Makha M, Bakkali H, et al. Enhanced performance of planar perovskite solar cells using dip-coated TiO2 as electron transporting layer. Solar Energy. 2020, 195: 475-482. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.094
51. Abdel-Maksoud YK, Imam E, Ramadan AR. TiO2 water-bell photoreactor for wastewater treatment. Solar Energy. 2018, 170: 323-335. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.053
52. Qin G, Wu Q, Sun Z, et al. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of phenols with bifunctionalized dye-sensitized TiO2 film. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2012, 199-200: 226-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.092
53. Monteagudo JM, Durán A, Chatzisymeon E, et al. Solar activation of TiO2 intensified with graphene for degradation of Bisphenol-A in water. Solar Energy. 2018, 174: 1035-1043. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.09.084
54. Etacheri V, Di Valentin C, Schneider J, et al. Visible-light activation of TiO2 photocatalysts: Advances in theory and experiments. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews. 2015, 25: 1-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.08.003
(58 Abstract Views, 35 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kunio Shimada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.